Students learn about the Earth's only natural satellite, the Moon. They discuss the Moon's surface features and human exploration. They also learn about how engineers develop technologies to study and explore the Moon, which also helps us learn more about the Earth.

On July 20, 1969, humans took their first steps on the Moon. The Apollo 11 mission was the culmination of one of the most ambitious projects in space exploration engineering design, testing and troubleshooting undertaken to that point. Because of the inventions and designs of engineers, humans have been able to explore places formerly unimaginable. Studying the conditions of a moon or planet and then testing prototype versions of spacecraft for safety before an actual launch is important in engineering. Apollo Earth full moon lunar Moon orbit phases satellite solar system space After this lesson, students should be able to: Describe several characteristics of the Moon, such as a natural satellite, reflects the Sun's light, and has no atmosphere. Describe the features of the Moon that can be seen by the naked eye from Earth. Explain that engineers develop technologies to study and explore the Moon. The Moon is the Earth's only natural satellite. This means that the Moon rotates, or orbits, around the Earth, much like the TV and cell phone satellites that we have launched into space from Earth ourselves. The difference is that the Moon came to orbit around the Earth without our help. Did you know that the Moon has no atmosphere? Well, it doesn't. (That means there is no air for you to breathe!) Because the Moon has no atmosphere, sound does not carry. Also, there is no weather on the Moon. In fact, the Moon basically stays the same, except for when a comet or meteor hits it. The footprints that the astronauts made when they first stepped on the Moon's surface on July 20, 1969, are still there today! That's a long time! Have you gone outside to look at the Moon on a clear night? Well, the Moon is so close to us that its main features are easily visible from Earth with just our eyes. What do you see when you look at the Moon? Can you see dark spots and bright spots? Although the Moon has no water, early observers thought the dark areas might be water on the surface of the Moon and named them the maria or "seas" of the Moon ("mare" is the Latin word for "sea"). These are really wide sunken plains that are thought to have formed by the impact when a meteorite or comet hit the Moon. We can also see light areas on the surface of the Moon from Earth. These are highlands or mountains that were formed as a result of these impacts. If you use a good pair of binoculars, it is also possible to view round craters on the surface caused by more recent impacts. The Moon is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. However, it does not make its own light but shines with the reflected light of the Sun. Have you noticed how sometimes the Moon looks full and other times like a sliver? Depending on the angle at which the Sun's light strikes the Moon, it goes through phases in the sky. That is what makes a full moon vs. a quarter moon. The Moon rotates once on its axis in the same amount of time as it revolves around the Earth - 27.3 days. Because of this, the Moon always shows the same side to the Earth. From Earth we are not able to see the "dark side" of the Moon. However, we are able to observe the dark side of the Moon using spacecraft designed by engineers. Engineers also design tools to measure earthshine, or the glow from the dark side of the Moon caused by the light that is reflected by the Earth back into space. The data collected helps scientists study the climate on Earth. Ever since people began to think about other planets, engineers have been trying to invent ways to explore the Moon. Would you want to live on the Moon? As construction of the International Space Station progresses, Earth's inhabitants are getting another step closer to a permanent Moon base and further exploration of our nearest neighbor in the solar system. You have an excellent chance of visiting the Moon in your lifetime! The Moon is the Earth's only natural satellite. The current leading theory about the formation of the Moon is that a Mars-sized rock once collided with the Earth and the resulting debris accumulated and merged under high temperatures to form the Moon. The Moon has remained relatively unchanged over billions of years, except for a steady stream of impacts from comets and meteorites. A fine-grained "soil" or dust called regolith covers the surface, caused by this constant bombardment by lunar rocks. Depending on the angle at which the Sun's light strikes the Moon, the Moon appears to go through phases in the course of a lunar month, which is actually 29.5 days because the Earth also moves in relation to the Sun. Moon phases are: waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter (last quarter), waning crescent, new moon (not visible). On July 20, 1969, humans took their first steps on the Moon. The Apollo 11 mission was the culmination of the most ambitious project in engineering design, testing and troubleshooting undertaken to that point. The Apollo program (1963-72) was designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. The six Apollo missions that landed on the Moon returned a wealth of scientific data and almost 400 kilograms of lunar rock and soil samples. Experiments included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind experiments. More recent missions have discovered ice at the poles of the Moon, deposited during comet impacts. Surprisingly, and despite conclusive evidence to the contrary, conspiracy theorists claim the Moon landings were a hoax. At a conference in Los Angeles in September 2002, retired astronaut Buzz Aldrin, aged 72 was confronted by conspiracy theorist Bart Sibrel, aged 37, who asked him to swear he had landed on the Moon. Calling Sibrel "a coward, a liar and a thief," Aldrin punched him, later claiming "self defense." No charges were filed against Aldrin by the L.A. county district attorney. Amazing facts about the Moon may be found in Table 1. A bowl-shaped depression caused by a meteor impact. A person who applies his/her understanding of science and math to creating things for the benefit of humanity and our world. A rounded moon, more than half-moon stage but not quite full (waxing) or less than full and approaching half-moon stage (waning). The Moon revolves around the Earth every 27.3 days but the lunar month is actually 29.5 days because the Earth is also moving in relation to the Sun. Large sunken plains on the surface of the Moon that look like dark areas (making the facial features we call the "man in the Moon"); from the Latin word "mare" for "sea"; though the Moon has no surface water, the first observers to view the Moon through telescopes speculated that the dark areas were oceans, hence the name. The path of a celestial body or human-made satellite as it revolves around another body. Stages marked as the Moon's shape appears to change through the course of the lunar month: waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter (last quarter), waning crescent, new moon (not visible). The fine-grained soil that makes up much of the Moon's surface. An object (natural or artificial) that orbits around a larger object. For example, the Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth. Getting smaller in appearance. Getting larger in appearance. Lunar Lollipops The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It reflects the light of the Sun, appearing to have phases (or change shape) to the person watching it from Earth. We also learned that the Moon has no atmosphere. No sound travels on the Moon because there is no atmosphere for the sound waves to bounce off of. What else happens on the Moon without an atmosphere? (Possible answers include: There is no weather and the surface of the Moon does not change much over time. There is no air to breathe. There is no wind. There is no sound.) What does the Moon's surface look like at night from Earth? Have you ever looked at it? The Moon has dark and light spots and sometimes you can even see round crater shapes. What causes the different areas of light and dark on the Moon? (Answer: The texture of the Moon's surface, as impacted by space rocks, such as meteors and comets.) Engineers help us explore the Moon by creating the technologies — such as spacesuits and spacecraft — that enable astronauts to visit the Moon. Engineers also develop and improve the tools to help us study the Moon from a distance (from Earth), and learn more about the climate of the Earth and how the solar system was formed. Discussion Questions: Solicit, integrate and summarize student responses. Ask the students: Have you ever looked at the Moon at night? Does it look the same every night? What does it look like? What changes? Matching: Write the following terms on the left side of the classroom board. Randomly write their definitions on the right side of the board. As a class, have students match the correct sides together (see Figure 1). Engineering a Moon Walk: We learned that the Moon as no atmosphere, which means that sound waves do not travel on the Moon. So, how do astronauts communicate? The absence of atmosphere also affects gravity or weight; it is easier for astronauts to explore the surface while wearing a heavy spacesuit that it would be on Earth. The Moon reflects the Sun's light, so it is brighter on the Moon than the Earth. These are things that engineers must think about when they design the spacesuits and protective gear for astronauts to wear while exploring the Moon. Using what we learned today the lack of atmosphere on the Moon, draw a picture of a spacesuit you would design for astronauts to wear if you were an engineer. Make sure to label the special parts of the space suit and how they will help the astronauts explore the Moon. Have students learn more about the Apollo project, which culminated in the first landing of humans on the Moon with the Apollo 11 mission. Students might also be interested in learning more about the near-disaster of the Apollo 13 mission and how engineers saved the day. See the film "Apollo 13" or view episodes of the HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon," produced by Tom Hanks. Have the students explore the Moon's affect on the Earth's ocean tides. Have students visit the NASA website and learn how much they would weigh on the Moon. http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Moon&Display=Kids Have students research what the phase of the Moon was on the day they were born using a US Navy website, Virtual Reality Moon Phase: http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/vphase.html. Make this into a math activity by tallying the number of students born under each moon phase and calculating the percent of the class born under a full moon vs. a new moon, etc. Show students an animation that illustrates the positions of the Sun, Earth and Moon that result in the various Moon phases. See: http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/java/MoonPhase.html. Designed for elementary school students, this Java applet shows the phases of the Moon for any each day of a selected month. See: http://www.paulcarlisle.net/old/MoonCalendar.html. Montana State University's Center for Educational Resources (CERES) Project provides an extensive library of online and interactive K-12 science education materials for teaching astronomy. See: http://btc.montana.edu/ceres/. The Moon Quest materials provide age-appropriate activities for multi-disciplinary exploration of the Moon in fact and legend Arnett, Bill. The Moon. Last updated April 20, 2005. Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. Accessed February 28, 2007. http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/luna.html Exploring the Moon. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Accessed February 28, 2007. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/ Moon Fact Sheet. Updated DATE. Moon Quest, Center for Educational Resources (CERES) Project, Montana State University. Accessed February 28, 2007. http://btc.montana.edu/ceres/html/MoonQuest/Quemoonfacts.html The Moon: Lunar and Planetary Science. Last updated October 31, 2006. National Space Science Data Center, NASA. Accessed February 28, 2007. (Excellent NASA site; they're the experts; information on past and future Moon missions, photographs, facts) http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/moonpage.html NASA'S Solar System Exploration: Planets: Earth's Moon: Overview. Last updated July 24, 2006. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Accessed February 28, 2007. http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Moon&Display=Overview