Students learn that light travels in a straight line from a light source and that ray diagrams help us understand how images will be created by a lens. This prepares students for the associated activity, in which they explore the concepts behind the workings of a pinhole camera.

Optical engineers design equipment to focus and control light for a variety of purposes — for uses in medical equipment, armed forces and recreation, among many others. Optical engineers design telescopes, binoculars and even the focusing lens on CD drives. camera camera obscura electromagnetic spectrum light optics pinhole camera ray diagram Longitudinal and Transverse Waves (Lesson 1), Wavelength and Amplitude (Lesson 2), Frequency (Lesson 3), Light (Lesson 6), Electromagnetic Waves (Lesson 7). After this lesson, students should be able to: Explain that light travels in a straight line. Draw a simple ray diagram. Note: Students each need a pencil and a blank piece of paper to follow along with the introduction. Angie and Harmon have asked to borrow Fisherman Frank's underwater camera to take with them on their diving adventure to find the treasure ship. How does a camera work, they wonder? Today, we are going to draw ray diagrams to discover how a camera works, and then you will get to build your own small pinhole cameras. Angie and Harmon will soon discover how their camera takes pictures of the sunken treasure ship! Demonstration: Dim the lights in the room. Take out a laser pointer or a flashlight (a small Maglight® works well, but a laser pointer is best). Shine it on the wall. Ask the students if they can see the light ray (they should report that they can see the spot on the wall, but that's it.) Now have a student clap chalk erasers (or clap hands dipped in chalk dust or heavily rubbed with a chalk stick) through the light source (the stream of light at the point where it begins to the point where it is shining on the wall). Ask the students if they can see the light rays now (they should be able to, as the chalk dust creates a visible pattern). Ask them if light rays travel in curves or straight lines. (Answer: Light rays travel in straight lines.) We just discovered that light rays travel in straight lines. We can use this fact to construct a simple camera. I'm going to draw a couple pictures on the board now, and you can copy them on your own piece of paper. Note: Draw Figure 2 on the chalk/white board. Let's think about this drawing. Do you think that the light rays from the candle will go through the hole? You're right, it will! Since we know that light travels in straight lines, we can figure out how the light will go through the hole. Note: Draw Figure 3 on the chalk/white board. The picture we just drew is called a ray diagram, because it shows us what will happen to the rays of light. The ray diagram shows us that there will actually be an image of the candle on the back of the box. We can tell from the diagram that the image of the candle will be smaller than the original candle. But, here is another question for you: will the image of the candle be right side up, or upside down? Who would like to share their idea of what the image will look like inside the box? Those are great ideas! Now I'm going to draw a little more of our ray diagram to show you what the image of the candle will appear (see Figure 4) as on the back of the box. So, we can tell from our diagram that the image of the candle will be smaller and turned upside down! We can use what we learned from our diagram to help us understand how a pinhole camera works. Another word for a pinhole camera is "camera obscura," or "dark chamber." The name dark chamber came about because the first cameras were actually big, dark rooms, with a small hole in one wall. Optic means eye, and the study of light is called optics. So, engineers who work with light are called optical engineers. Some optical engineers help design and build cameras and telescopes. Now you all are going to act as engineers and build your own pinhole cameras! The word camera comes from the Latin word for room. The first camera was actually a darkened room, or dark chamber, also known as the camera obscura. These early cameras captured objects or landscapes located outside the room (see Figure 5), by focusing the image through a small hole or lens in the side of the room and displaying it onto the opposing wall in the room. The image projected was in natural color, but inverted. Modern cameras work on much the same principle as the dark chamber idea of the 17th century, but with more sophisticated lenses and apertures to focus the light. In the early 1800s, a scientist discovered how to use a copper plate and silver iodide to create an actual photograph. Then, more modern advances in technology meant that cameras began using film, which allows multiple photographs to be taken simultaneously. The images are developed in light-sensitive chemical baths and become permanent photographic images on the film. In the late 20th century, digital cameras were introduced to the world. Digital cameras are essentially little computers with sensors that detect and digitize light patterns, eliminating the need for film. Many professional photographers still prefer to use film, however, believing that something of the richness of the image is lost through digitization. With a digital camera, a person can capture a sequence of images and delete (remove) any unwanted images immediately. A beam of light with a small cross section. A picture that predicts what an image will look like. The light rays in a ray diagram are drawn as straight lines. A simple camera that uses a pinhole to focus light on a surface behind it. All images created by a pinhole camera are inverted - the top becomes the bottom, left becomes right. This can also be called a camera obscura. Create a Pinhole Camera Today we learned that light rays travel in straight lines, and how we can use a ray diagram to predict where the light rays will end up. Now let's learn what happened to our brave adventurers - Angie and Harmon! Angie and Harmon decided to use all their knowledge about sound and light to dive deep down underwater and explore the sunken treasure ship. They used SONAR to find the ship and special lights to see it. They even brought a special underwater camera with them so they could take pictures of the sunken ship. Carefully, Harmon and Angie dove down to the sunken ship and began their exploration. As they entered the cargo hold, something shiny caught Angie's eye. They swam over to investigate and discovered ten large chests full of treasure! Angie and Harmon were excited to find so much treasure. The chests were so full and so heavy that they could not get the treasure out of the sunken ship, so they took lots of pictures and each brought a gold coin up to the surface with them to show Fisherman Frank. Fisherman Frank was amazed! He reminded them of all the ways that engineers helped them find the treasure: they created the SONAR that helped them find the ship, they made special flashlights for them to use underwater, and they even built the underwater camera that they used to take pictures of the treasure. "Yes," Angie said, "engineers sure are wonderful! We couldn't have found the treasure without them." "I agree!" said Harmon. "Now we just need some engineers to help us figure out how to get the treasure out of the ship!" Then Angie and Harmon and Fisherman Frank headed off together, with another new challenge to solve. Discussion Questions: Use the following questions to prompt discussion and pondering among your students: How does light travel from the sun to the Earth? (Answer: as electromagnetic waves) Do electromagnetic waves require a medium, such as sound waves do? (Answer: no) Is there sound in space? (Answer: No, there is no medium through which sound waves travel.) As light comes from the sun to the Earth, does it travel in arcs, squiggles or straight lines? (Answer: straight lines) Ray Diagram - Part II: In the images drawn on the chalk/white board for students to copy, erase the candle and instead draw a stick person of about the same height as the candle. Draw the person closer to the pinhole camera. Ask the students to draw the image on the back of the box. Is the image still upside down? (Answer: yes) Is the image bigger or smaller than the camera image? (Answer: If the stick figure is closer to the box than the candle was, yet the same height that the candle was, then the image should be bigger than that of the original candle image.) CAMERA Acrostic: Write the letters of CAMERA vertically on the board and have students help you fill in the acrostic with several words for each letter. Try to use words from throughout this unit. Suggested words: color, amplitude, microwave, music, engineer, electromagnetic, radio wave, etc. Invite a photographer to visit the class and share some of their photography and experiences. Have a photo exhibit where students display photos that they have taken. Take a field trip to a local photography studio and ask a photographer to demonstrate how they take and develop pictures (see if you can find a studio that develops real film pictures rather than digital). A good summary of the history of photography, including a camera obscura image: http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/4-H_Photography_2010-01pr.pdf State of Utah, History for Kids, "The Amazing History of Photography," accessed July 31, 2007. http://historyforkids.utah.gov/fun_and_games/photos/history.html