This lesson covers concepts of energy and energy transfer utilizing energy transfer in musical instruments as an example. More specifically, the lesson explains the two different ways in which energy can be transferred between a system and its environment. The law of conservation of energy will also be taught. Example systems will be presented to students (two cars on a track and a tennis ball falling to the ground) and students will be asked to make predictions and explain the energy transfer mechanisms. The engineering focus comes in clearly in the associated activity when students are asked to apply the fundamental concepts of the lesson to design a musical instrument. The systems analyzed in the lesson should help a great deal in terms of discussing how to apply conservation of energy and energy transfer to make things.

Engineers must understand energy transfer to design instruments that produce beautiful music. Energy transfer is a central concept in the majority of engineering designs. Work Internal Energy Heat Thermal Equilibrium Energy At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to define energy, heat, energy transfer, work, and thermal equilibrium At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to state how to utilize the concept of energy transfer to make a musical instrument At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to state the law of conservation of energy At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to define a system and environment in terms of energy, and describe how energy transfer occurs between the two Begin the lesson by taking a rubber band, stretch the rubber band, and release. Explain to them that the transfer of energy from potential energy in the stretched rubber band to kinetic energy in the flying rubber band is responsible for the rubber band flying across the room. Energy is the driving force of life and is fundamentally responsible for airplanes, cars, and a baseball flying into the stands. The lesson should begin by asking the students what will happen to an extremely hot pot of water if kept in the room at room temperature for a long time. Hopefully, they will say that it will cool down over time, that if enough time has passed, one will be able to put his or her hand in the pot. The reason the water in the pot cools down over time is due to energy transfer in the form of heat being transferred from the warm object (water) to the cooler object (room) until eventually they reach the same temperature. This is a naturally occurring example of energy transfer. The activity associated with this lesson shows how musical instruments have been engineered to produce beautiful music using energy transfer. The lesson teaches students concepts of energy and energy transfer. In a simple sense, examples of objects possessing energy are a car traveling down the highway or a raindrop falling from the sky. These are obvious examples of bodies possessing overall kinetic energy (energy of motion). In a microscopic sense, objects also possess internal energy, energy associated with its molecules and atoms. When a set of objects is defined and contained in an environment, this set of objects is defined as a system. For instance, in the aforementioned demonstration, the hot pot of water is the system and the room is the environment. The bodies within the system contain a certain amount of energy initially, whether it be overall kinetic or potential energy or microscopic kinetic or potential energy (internal energy). There are two ways that a system can exchange energy with its environment: work done by its environment and heat. In terms of heat, the system originally contains a certain amount of internal energy due to the vibration of its molecules. When the system is originally at a different temperature than its environment, energy will be transferred (heat) between the system and its environment until the system and its environment are at the same temperature, whereby thermal equilibrium is established. The other way energy is exchanged is by external work, or work done by the environment. A simple example of this is a block that is initially resting on the ground. Upon application of a large enough upward force by the hand of a person, the block will be lifted a certain distance. Energy is thus transferred from the person (environment) to the block (system). The environment gave up some energy, and the system accepted the energy. The application of a force on a body that transfers energy to that body. The capacity or ability to do work All the energy of a system that is associated with its microscopic components- atoms and molecules The transfer of energy from one object to another due to temperature differences The situation in which two objects in thermal contact cease to exchange energy by the process of heat, i.e. they are at the same temperature The energy an object has because it is moving. The energy an object has because of its position, or condition, rather than motion. A raised weight, coiled spring, or charged battery all have potential energy. Energetic Musical Insturments In the macroscopic sense, bodies as part of a system can possess overall kinetic energy (energy of motion) or potential energy. Each system also contains a certain amount of internal energy, energy associated with the kinetic and potential energies of the system's molecules or atoms. Ask the students to explain the energy transfer mechanisms associated with the rubber band flying across the room at the beginning of the lesson. Energy can be transferred by either work done by the outside environment or by the transfer of internal energy (heat). Thermal equilibrium is the condition where two or more objects in thermal contact, meaning they are not insulated from each other, will cease to exchange internal energy. Take a tennis ball (or some other ball) and drop it from the height of the nose. The ball will not bounce as high as it was dropped. Ask the students to explain why. The explanation should go as follows: the ball has a certain amount of energy as it is falling down and upon collision, the ball deforms, which increases the internal energy of the air inside the ball, and by the conservation of energy, this decreases the kinetic energy of the ball causing it not to bounce up to its original height. Also, friction between the ball and the air causes the kinetic energy of the ball to be converted into heat. The force acting against the ball while it is in air is known as air resistance or drag. Hit a metal pan with a metal spoon. The students should be able to explain that the kinetic energy of the spoon transfers energy to the metal pan, which begins vibrating. Meanwhile, sound is produced from the collision that carries with it energy. The students should be able to explain that some of the original kinetic energy of the spoon went into vibration of the metal pan and some of it went into sound upon collision. This demonstration can involve hitting any two objects together that will make noise. The students should be able to accurately explain why the rubber band is flying across the room, which was done at the introduction to the lesson. The hand does work on the rubber band, and in the stretched position, the rubber band has a certain amount of potential energy. Upon release, that potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Hence, the rubber band goes flying through the air. Physics Halliday, Resnick, Krane, "Physics." John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002 Physics for Scientists and Engineers Beichner, Serway, "Physics for Scientists and Engineers." Saunders College Publishing, 2000.