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Student teams are challenged to design models of Egyptian funerary barges for the purpose of transporting mummies through the underworld to the afterlife. Planning the boat designs requires an understanding of ancient culture and beliefs so the mummies are transported safely through the perils of the underworld. Students design and build prototypes using materials and tools like the ancient Egyptians had at their disposal. Then they do the same with modern materials and techniques, forming an awareness of the similarities and differences of the barge designs between the ancient materials and tools (technologies) and today's technologies, which are evolved from the earlier ways.

Engineers work within constraints such as available materials and what would work for a certain culture. While this may seem like a limitation, it usually results in more successful designs. For example, whether designing consumer products, shelter or clean water delivery systems, the best engineering designs take into consideration the local community's culture, climate, materials, resources and labor. ancient boat culture design Egypt engineering design process model modern prototype Culture of Egyptian funerals and beliefs. Alternately, assign investigation of this topic as part of the research step. Students compare and contrast the ancient with the modern tools and technology used in constructing prototype barges. Students come to see that the engineering design process has remained the same since ancient times and that it is the technology that has evolved. Students realize that technology is not something totally new, but that it is as old as human civilization. Students see how modern builders copied and improved on the techniques developed by the ancient world. books on Egypt, for research computers with internet access pencils and paper for note-taking and drawing (optional) CAD software a variety of ancient and modern building materials and tools (to be determined by teams with request lists given to the teacher) a water table, for testing the prototype barges a flat object to create waves electric cooling fan Ancient Egyptians believed in an underworld known as the Duat. They believed the underworld was filled with perils such as executioners, poisonous snakes, and lakes of fires. In the underworld, the deceased had to use the Book of the Dead, which contained spells to counteract the dangers and a map to navigate their way. Both the Book of the Dead and the map of the underworld were placed in the coffin or transcribed in hieroglyphics on the coffin. The mummy was placed on a funerary barge while it traversed through the underworld. The ultimate danger in the underworld was the weighing of the heart; the dead person's heart was weighed against his past deeds. The goddesses interrogated the dead person, accusing him/her of crimes, and if s/he told the truth s/he would survive in the afterlife; however, if s/he lied, the goddesses would call upon the Devourer of the Dead to eat up his/her heart. In groups of four, students design models of Egyptian funerary barges to transport mummies through the underworld to the afterlife. According to ancient traditions, the boat design is extremely critical in order for the mummy to have a chance to reach and enter the afterlife, so in planning the boat designs, students must be aware of the perils of the underworld. To design and construct the boats, student are given the materials and tools the ancient Egyptians had at their disposal. Once the students have determined their boat designs, ask them to create prototypes using the materials the ancient Egyptians used. Next, students are given the opportunity to use new materials and techniques, which are in fact based on Egyptian construction technologies. Throughout the design challenge, as students work through the steps of the engineering design process, guide them to keep in mind the similarities and differences of the boat designs made with ancient Egyptian materials and tools (technologies) compared to today's technologies. The Challenge: Design an Egyptian funerary barge to transport a mummy safely through the underworld to the afterlife. Two designs: One using ancient materials and tools and one using modern materials and tools/technologies. Provide students with computers that have Internet access to research the different materials and construction technologies ancient Egyptians used. Have students take notes on a few tool and construction technologies. Then, have students research and take notes on the different modern technologies that would be useful in creating a barge for a successful voyage through the underworld to the afterlife. Create several sketches/drawings (by hand or using a simple CAD program) of the design ideas for boats that would have been created in ancient Egypt using the materials and techniques of the times, as well as boats with modifications as a result of today's technologies. Once finished creating multiple design possibilities, select the best design for both the ancient boat and the modern boat. This requires some team discussion as to which boats they perceive will be most successful in traveling through the treacherous underworld. Divide and conquer: Within the groups of four students, have two construct ancient Egyptian boat prototypes and the other two construct modern boat prototypes. Both boats will go on the same journey through the underworld, with an ultimate destination to the afterlife. Materials for both ancient and modern designs are at the students' discretion. Have students make lists of materials and tools needed for each boat design. Construct the prototypes. Using a water table, test the boats and determine which would be successful in traveling through the underworld. Simulate conditions of the underworld and its dangers, such as as applying pressure, wind currents, and rough seas using fans and slapping the surface of the water with a flat object. As time permits, give students time to re-design and improve their prototype barges based on testing results. Once students have completed the design/build/test portion of the activity, it is very important that they have the opportunity to present their designs to the other teams. After viewing all presentations, lead a class discussion in which students discuss and decide which team had the strongest boats and why. By comparing the different materials and techniques developed by ancient Egyptians with modern materials and techniques, students see how modern builders have evolved the earlier techniques. Evaluate students using criteria such as their ability to differentiate between the ancient and modern technologies, ability to recognize why prototype designs were strong or weak, presentation style and content, and creativity.