Students will learn the concept of a moment (torque) of a force and learn how to calculate moments. Students will also learn how moments ("turning forces") create bending and torsion loads on structures; they will understand the effects of bending and torsion loads, and will gain some appreciation of how engineers can design a structure to resist bending and torsion.

Students should have a basic understanding of tension, compression, shear, bending, torsion and concept of a moment (torque). Review Lesson 1: "Fairly Fundamental Facts about Forces and Structures" and complete "Introduction to Loads Acting on Structures" Lesson before beginning this lesson. Moment and torque can be use interchangeably, physicists tend to use the word torque and engineers tend to use moment when referring to forces that cause rotation. The ability of any beam or structural member to resist bending and torsion, depends on the following factors (variables):

Material: every material has a different yield strength, tensile strength, and shear strength which ultimately determine the load which the material can withstand and the amount of deformation (stretching, bending, twisting) that will accompany a given load.

Size: engineers calculate the moment of inertia of a beam or column, which is a measure of the size and shape of its cross-sectional area, and how far away the area is from the center of the beam. The greater the moment of inertia, the greater is the load that can be carried by the structural member. This means that increasing the cross-sectional area of a beam or taking a certain amount of area and spreading it out farther from the center, will increase the strength and stiffness of the beam (see Figure A). It might be instructive for kids to draw different designs for beams on graph paper showing how the cross-sectional area, or the distribution of area can increase to make a stronger, stiffer beam. Have them try to draw two beam cross-sections, which have the same area, but different moments of inertia (meaning that the area of one beam is spread out farther away from the center, and the area of the other is more concentrated around the center).

Reinforcement / composite structure: many structural members are actually composite materials, which means that they are made from two or more materials bonded together. Foam board is an example of a composite material - it is a layer of foam sandwiched between two layers of paper. Reinforced concrete has steel rods (called rebars, short for reinforcing bars) that are placed inside the form before the concrete is poured. Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but very weak in tension; the steel rebars can take great tensile loads and thus they overcome the weakness of the concrete and make the composite material much stronger. Fiberglass, which is used to make canoes, is mostly a plastic epoxy resin; the epoxy resin by itself would not be that strong, however, it is reinforced by glass fibers inside that are very strong in tension.

Structural bracing: any structural members which help the structure to resist bending and/or torsion. Examples: wire cables (called guy wires) bracing a tower; truss bracing used for bridges, towers and skyscrapers (a truss structure is a triangular formation of long, thin bars pinned together at the ends); brackets and braces such as those used to hold up book shelves and store signs, and strengthen table legs and dump truck bodies.

Assess students understanding, individually or as a group, using the investigating questions located in the associated activity.